{"id":1560,"date":"2018-03-23T11:24:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-23T10:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eticasfoundation.org\/?p=1560"},"modified":"2021-09-14T19:37:18","modified_gmt":"2021-09-14T17:37:18","slug":"algorithmic-discrimination-one-of-the-main-challenges-for-social-progress-in-the-21st-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.eticasfoundation.org\/es\/algorithmic-discrimination-one-of-the-main-challenges-for-social-progress-in-the-21st-century\/","title":{"rendered":"DISCRIMINACI\u00d3N ALGORITMICA. UNO DE LOS PRINCIPALES RETOS PARA EL PROGRESO SOCIAL EN EL SIGLO XXI"},"content":{"rendered":"

Los servicios basados en datos <\/strong>services are increasingly present.\r\n As a consequence, the algorithms and data they process play an \r\nincreasingly important role in decision-making, with significant effects\r\n for human welfare and human rights. Thanks to algorithms, you can \r\nobtain good booking recommendations or an efficient travel route for \r\nyour trip. Of course, on the other side, you may also be admitted (or \r\nnot) to the university of your choice, you may be granted (or not) a \r\nmortgage with a bank and you may be hired (or not) for that job you \r\nwanted.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A menudo se piensa que las m\u00e1quinas son \u00e1rbitros neutrales: objetos fr\u00edos, calculadoras que pueden distinguir patrones que nuestras mentes humanas no pueden (o se niegan a) distinguir y tomar una decisi\u00f3n \u00f3ptima. Pero, \u00bfes realmente as\u00ed? \u00bfO es que las decisiones algor\u00edtmicas son una forma de amplificar, extender y hacer inescrutable el tipo de prejuicios y discriminaciones que ya prevalecen en la sociedad?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Los avances en el aprendizaje autom\u00e1tico (machine learning) han llevado a las empresas a confiar en el Big Data<\/strong>\r\n and algorithms, based on the presumption that those decisions are more \r\nefficient and impartial than the ones taken by humans. However, as the \r\nuse of algorithms becomes more extended, numerous claims have also been \r\nraised demanding greater responsibility in their use, their design and \r\ntheir implementation, mainly because of their capacity to normalize and \r\namplify social inequalities through algorithmic discrimination.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In spite of this, algorithms are becoming\r\n a key factor in numerous daily activities, at a speed that seems to \r\nexceed our capacity to understand their impact on our lives. That is why\r\n there is an urgent need to understand the role played by algorithms in \r\nsociety, to place the issue on the public agenda and to analyze the \r\npolicies that can be adopted to guarantee the rights and equity of \r\npeople in the context of algorithmic proliferation. <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Es necesario analizar el tipo de problemas que plantea el uso creciente de algoritmos en la sociedad<\/strong> y tambi\u00e9n las propuestas de reglamentaci\u00f3n<\/strong>\r\n to adopt, such as the recent initiative of the City of New York to \r\ncreate a specific cabinet just for evaluating the equity in algorithms, \r\nor the proposals of the French Data Protection Authority and Working \r\nGroup 29 of the European Commission on how to address these issues from \r\nthe perspective of privacy protection.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

With the advancing technological changes \r\nthat characterize the information society, there comes a growing concern\r\n over all issues related to privacy, discrimination and automation. As \r\nDournish (2016) argues, aside from discussions regarding the role that \r\nalgorithms could play in everything from hiring practicies (Hansel 2007)\r\n to credit ratings (Singer 2014) or even the optimal temperatures in \r\noffice buildings (Belluck 2015), \u201can awareness has developed that \r\nalgorithms, somehow mysterious and inevitable, are contributing to the \r\nshape of our lives in big and small ways\u201d.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Searching for \u201calgorithms + \r\ndiscrimination\u201d on Google today gives back more than 120 million \r\nresults, which suggests a fertile ground for the trivialization of the \r\nchallenges posed by the interaction between technology and society. That\r\n is why a taxonom\u00eda rigurosa del tipo de impactos y externalidades<\/strong> \u2013 positive and negative \u2013\r\n of the algorithms is compelling. This would allow us for an \r\nunderstanding of the risks involved in the proliferation of the use of \r\nalgorithms in a very wide variety of tasks and processes with important \r\nconsequences for society. Only with this kind of knowledge can we \r\nadvance designing efficient measures to be taken by the relevant actors \r\ninvolved, in order to mitigate any negative consequences.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Algorithms are social constructions \r\nconverted into mathematical calculations. Like any other technology, \r\nthey capture and reproduce din\u00e1micas sociales<\/strong>. Often, these social \r\ndynamics become entangled in obscure technical debates that undermine \r\ntheir understanding by the general public. Perhaps for this reason, in \r\nthe media and in the popular imagination, algorithms are interpreted \r\nalmost exclusively in terms of the so-called \u2018algorithmic \r\ndiscrimination\u2019, when an individual or a group of individuals perceive \r\nunfair treatment as a consequence of an algorithmic decision making, \r\nbased on automated profiles. However, the profiles can also be used to \r\napply positive discrimination or discrimination based on principles of \r\nfairness and justice. Therefore, reducing algorithmic impact to social \r\nexclusion hides the multiple dynamics that algorithms entail and \r\nover-simplifies the various processes of discrimination in a \r\ncounterproductive way.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

In algorithmic processes, profiling and \r\ndiscrimination not only arise from our individual qualities, but also \r\nrelating to the characteristics of those around us. This is what Dannah \r\nBoyd (2014) calls \u201c\"discriminaci\u00f3n por red<\/strong>\u201d.\r\n In this sense, understanding algorithms strictly from the analysis of \r\nindividual characteristics does not lead to a rigorous categorization of\r\n their risks and possibilities, nor to a systematic diagnostic of their \r\nfuture perspectives. On the other hand, in recent years, numerous \r\nauthors have argued that we must replace the concept of discrimination \r\nwith that of justice. Justice is, together with efficiency, one of the \r\ntwo major categories of concerns identified by Zarsky (2016), also \r\nemphasizing two characteristics of the algorithms that generate special \r\nconcern: on one hand its opacity and, on the other hand, its automated \r\nnature. However, contrary to what this author proposes, Friedler et al \r\n(2016) insist on the \u201cthe impossibility of fairness\u201d in algorithmic \r\nprocesses.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The lack of consensus on the social \r\nimpact of algorithms suggests the need to develop a conceptual framework\r\n capable of integrating a high degree of complexity, based on an \r\nanalysis of the relationships between the actors and processes and \r\ndevices that come into conflict when a negative social impact is \r\nperceived. This task requires the application of a multidisciplinary \r\napproach to the systematic observation of algorithmic processes, \r\nconsidering them as technological processes integrated in particular \r\ncontexts and specific practices.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A framework of algorithmic regulation \r\nmust rise from a deep knowledge of the field, the actors, the practices \r\nand the impacts, in order for it to respond adequately and efficiently \r\nto the challenges posed by the use of algorithms in different contexts, \r\nin addition to the importance of the values \u200b\u200band\r\n expectations of the actors involved and affected by these challenges. \r\nAt the end of the day, laws and regulations are social consensus coded \r\nin legal terms. For this reason, they often appear long after a new \r\nsocial phenomenon has had a clear and measurable impact on society. \r\nHowever, given the extraordinary speed and high social impact of new \r\ntechnologies, society cannot afford to let the breach between the time \r\nit takes for a new technology to have a significant social impact and \r\nthe time when we are finally able to protect those who may suffer from \r\nthe negative externalities of this technology, to grow further.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

En este sentido, proponemos una\"ingenier\u00eda inversa\"<\/strong>\u2018\r\n of existing regulatory frameworks to identify how and why they have \r\narisen, what they can tell us about the societies that proposed them in \r\nthe first place and what kind of impact they have had. On the other \r\nhand, it is necessary to analyze proposals for translating human ideals \r\n(ethics, equity and justice) into forms that can be understood by \r\nalgorithms along with concepts like accountability. These issues can be \r\naddressed through a mapping of social conflicts arising from the use of \r\nalgorithms, which in turn will serve to identify the problematic points \r\nin the dise\u00f1o de las pol\u00edticas ya existentes<\/strong> y para sugerir un conjunto de buenas pr\u00e1cticas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

If algorithms are becoming the key to \r\nnumerous daily activities, the need to understand their impacts on \r\nsociety is an urgent matter. It is not an easy task. Framing this issue,\r\n understanding what algorithms actually are and what role they can play,\r\n requires a systematic analysis of algorithmic processes and the \r\ngeneration of new conceptual, legal and regulatory frameworks to \r\nguarantee human welfare and human rights in a globalized and \r\ninterconnected society. The difficulty of the task is indeed \r\nproportional to its need; it is nothing less than uno de los principales desaf\u00edos para el progreso social en el siglo XXI.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Data-based services are increasingly present. As a consequence, the algorithms and data they process play an increasingly important role in decision-making, with significant effects for human welfare and human rights. Thanks to algorithms, you can obtain good booking recommendations or an efficient travel route for your trip. Of course, on the other side, you may […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1850,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[19],"tags":[29,25],"yoast_head":"\nAlgorithmic discrimination. 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